<!doctype html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1">
    <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
                <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/fonts/InventionVF_W_Wght.woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
            <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/fonts/InventionVF_Italics_W_Wght.woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
            <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/fonts/InventionVF_W_Wght.woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
            <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/fonts/InventionVF_Italics_W_Wght.woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
            <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/fonts/InventionVF_W_Wght.woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
            <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/fonts/InventionVF_Italics_W_Wght.woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">
            <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
	<style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>
	
	<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.9.1 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ -->
	<title>Ophthalmology - Merck.com</title>
	<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.merck.com/research/ophthalmology/" />
	<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
	<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
	<meta property="og:title" content="Ophthalmology - Merck.com" />
	<meta property="og:description" content="Our focus on research for retinal disease treatments Breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier and subsequent vascular leakage are hallmark features of retinal vascular diseases, such as DME and NVAMD, which result in vision loss. Vascular leakage is a modifiable feature of these diseases. Our scientists are exploring targets such as the Wingless-related integration site (Wnt) [&hellip;]" />
	<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.merck.com/research/ophthalmology/" />
	<meta property="og:site_name" content="Merck.com" />
	<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2026-02-11T17:44:53+00:00" />
	<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/Frame1_3.3_HR.jpg?w=950" />
	<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
	<meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" />
	<meta name="twitter:data1" content="2 minutes" />
	<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.merck.com/research/ophthalmology/","url":"https://www.merck.com/research/ophthalmology/","name":"Ophthalmology - Merck.com","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://vip2-msd.com/merckcom-old/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.merck.com/research/ophthalmology/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.merck.com/research/ophthalmology/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/Frame1_3.3_HR.jpg?w=950","datePublished":"2025-03-07T19:11:29+00:00","dateModified":"2026-02-11T17:44:53+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.merck.com/research/ophthalmology/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.merck.com/research/ophthalmology/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.merck.com/research/ophthalmology/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/Frame1_3.3_HR.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/Frame1_3.3_HR.jpg","width":950,"height":500,"caption":"illustration showing blood vessels"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.merck.com/research/ophthalmology/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Research","item":"https://www.merck.com/research/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Ophthalmology"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://vip2-msd.com/merckcom-old/#website","url":"https://vip2-msd.com/merckcom-old/","name":"Merck.com","description":"Just another vip-msd.com site","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://vip2-msd.com/merckcom-old/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>
	<!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. -->


<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.cookielaw.org' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.8.5' media='all' />
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css'>
:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='qm-object-cache-style-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/qm-plugins/qm-object-cache/css/style.css?ver=0.2' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='MCC-styles-default-font-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/css/default-font.min.css?ver=1764577519' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='MCC-styles-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/css/style.min.css?ver=1776849258' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='footer-flagship-standard-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/css/footer-flagship-standard.min.css?ver=1764577519' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mcc_header_style-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/css/masthead-country-1.min.css?ver=1773234738' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='banner-styles-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/css/bottom-banner.min.css?ver=1764577519' media='all' />
                    

        
<script defer="defer" src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/js/sticky-banner.min.js?ver=1764577519" id="banner-scripts-js"></script>
<script defer="defer" src="//cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js?ver=6.8.5" data-domain-script="fd658a96-8c4a-4c03-973e-fd83f98fa618"></script><script>function OptanonWrapper() { }</script><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3663923" /><link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.merck.com/?p=3663923' />
<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merck.com%2Fresearch%2Fophthalmology%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merck.com%2Fresearch%2Fophthalmology%2F&#038;format=xml" />
<!-- Stream WordPress user activity plugin v4.1.1 -->
<script>
var dataLayer = dataLayer || [];
dataLayer.push({"user":{"role":"visitor","isLoggedIn":false}});
dataLayer.push({"site":[]});
</script>
<script>
(
        function( w, d, s, l, i ) {
            w[l] = w[l] || [];
            w[l].push( {'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'} );
					var f = d.getElementsByTagName( s )[0],
						j = d.createElement( s ), dl = l !== 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : '';
					j.async = true;
					j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl;
					f.parentNode.insertBefore( j, f );
				}
        )( window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-M74WZDM' );
</script>
        <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/apple-touch-icon.png">
    <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/favicon-32x32.png">
    <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/favicon-16x16.png">
    <link rel="manifest" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/site.webmanifest">
    <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#ffffff">
    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/favicon.ico">
    <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff">
    <meta name="msapplication-config" content="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/browserconfig.xml">
    <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
    
<style>
    :root {
        --colorTextPrimary: #000000;
        --colorPrimary: #00857C;
        --colorPrimaryLight: #6ECEB2;
        --colorPrimaryDark: #005C55;
        --colorPrimaryDarkBlue: #0C2340;
        --colorSecondaryLime: #BFED33;
        --colorSecondaryLemon: #FFF063;
        --colorSecondaryPastelBlue: #69B8F7;
        --colorSecondaryVistaBlue: #688CE8;
        --colorSecondaryRichBlue: #5450E4;
        --colorBlack: #000000;
        --colorWhite: #FFFFFF;
        --colorOffWhite: #F7F7F7;
        --colorGray: #757575;
        --colorWarning: #FE0000;
        --colorSuccess: #029A01;
        --colorInfo: #1058A4;
        --colorGrayHRTwenty: #75757533;
        --colorGrayHRTen: #7575751a;
    }
</style></head>

<body class="wp-singular page-template-default page page-id-3663923 page-child parent-pageid-47 wp-theme-cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme no-sidebar mcc-us-site-type menu-no-hyphens">
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-M74WZDM&#038;user%5Brole%5D=visitor&#038;user%5BisLoggedIn%5D=0&#038;" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div id="page" class="site">
    <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a>
        <header id="masthead" class="site-header">
    <div id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation">
        <div class="wrapper header-wrapper">
            
<div class="site-branding">
	<p class="site-title">        <a
            id="micro-site-logo"
            href="https://www.merck.com/"
            rel="home"
            class="site-logo-link"
            title="Merck.com"
            style=""
        >
                            <img
                    class="site-logo"
                    src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2025/08/site-logo.svg"
                    alt="Site logo"
                    style=""
                />
                    </a>
    </p></div><!-- .site-branding -->
            <div id="mastheadMenu">
            <button id="siteSearchToggle" class="btn" aria-controls="site-search">
            <span class="menu-toggle-text-open">
                <img src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/search-white.svg" alt="" />
                <span>Search everything</span>
            </span>
            <span class="menu-toggle-text-close">
                <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/close.svg" alt="" />Close            </span>
        </button>
    
        <button id="siteNavigationToggle" class="btn menu-toggle" aria-controls="menuMain"  >
        <span class="menu-toggle-text-open">
            <img src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/burger-white.svg" alt="" />Menu        </span>
        <span class="menu-toggle-text-close">
            <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/close.svg" alt="" />Close        </span>
    </button>
</div>
        </div><!-- .header-wrapper -->
    </div><!-- #site-navigation -->
    <div id="site-menu" class="main-menu menu-header-template">
	<div class="wrapper">
		<a class="menucrumb" href="#">Main menu</a>
		<nav class="menu-main-menu-container"><ul id="menuMain" class="menu-main level-0 menu-open"><li id="menu-item-666469" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-666469"><a aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/">Company</a>
<ul class="level-1">
	<li id="menu-item-666471" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666471"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/">Who we are</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3640275" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3640275"><a href="https://www.merck.com/what-we-do/">What we do</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-667007" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-667007"><a href="https://www.merck.com/stories/">Stories</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-2773656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2773656"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/history/">History</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-666473" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-666473"><a aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/">Sustainability</a>
	<ul class="level-2">
		<li id="menu-item-2388650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2388650"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/">Sustainability overview</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-2388653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2388653"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/philanthropy/">Philanthropy</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-3670900" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3670900"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/merck-medical-outreach-program/">Merck Medical Outreach Program</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-3666247" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3666247"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/impact-venture-fund/">Impact Venture Fund</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-2804132" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2804132"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/transparency-disclosures/">Transparency disclosures</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-2808199" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2808199"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/sustainability-resources/">Sustainability resources</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
	<li id="menu-item-666474" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-666474"><a aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/leadership/">Leadership</a>
	<ul class="level-2">
		<li id="menu-item-666483" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666483"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/leadership/">Leadership overview</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-666484" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666484"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/leadership/board-of-directors/">Board of directors</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-666485" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666485"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/leadership/executive-team/">Executive team</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
	<li id="menu-item-666475" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-666475"><a aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/culture-and-values/">Culture &amp; values</a>
	<ul class="level-2">
		<li id="menu-item-666488" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666488"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/culture-and-values/">Culture &#038; values overview</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-666489" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666489"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/culture-and-values/code-of-conduct/">Code of conduct, ethics &amp; compliance</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
	<li id="menu-item-666476" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666476"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/diversity-and-inclusion/">Diversity and inclusion</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-666477" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666477"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/policies-and-positions/">Policies and positions</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-666479" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-666479"><a aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/suppliers/">Suppliers</a>
	<ul class="level-2">
		<li id="menu-item-667793" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-667793"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/suppliers/">Suppliers overview</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-667792" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-667792"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://msd.quantumsds.com/">Supplier registration</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-3601080" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3601080"><a href="https://suppliers.msd.com/">Supplier help for Ariba</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-14540" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-page-parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-14540"><a aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="https://www.merck.com/research/">Research</a>
<ul class="level-1">
	<li id="menu-item-666505" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-page-parent menu-item-666505"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/">Research overview</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-666527" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-666527"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="#">Areas of focus</a>
	<ul class="level-2">
		<li id="menu-item-666509" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666509"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/oncology/">Oncology</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-666507" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666507"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/vaccines/">Vaccines</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-3665482" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3665482"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/infectious-diseases/">Infectious diseases</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-3677233" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3677233"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/cardiometabolic-and-respiratory-diseases/">Cardiometabolic and respiratory diseases </a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-3641210" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3641210"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/immunology/">Immunology</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-3668390" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3668390"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/neuroscience/">Neuroscience</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-3664805" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-3663923 current_page_item menu-item-3664805 current "><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/ophthalmology/" aria-current="page">Ophthalmology</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
	<li id="menu-item-3667369" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-3667369"><a aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="#">Areas of innovation</a>
	<ul class="level-2">
		<li id="menu-item-3667372" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3667372"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/areas-of-innovation/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/">Data science and artificial intelligence </a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-3667373" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3667373"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/areas-of-innovation/green-and-sustainable-science/">Green and sustainable science</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-3680012" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3680012"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/areas-of-innovation/our-therapeutic-modalities/">Our therapeutic modalities</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-3672756" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3672756"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/areas-of-innovation/translational-medicine/">Translational medicine</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
	<li id="menu-item-666511" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666511"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/product-pipeline/">Pipeline</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3662444" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3662444"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/business-development-and-licensing/">Business development and licensing (BD&amp;L)</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3624062" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3624062"><a aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="https://www.merck.com/research/clinical-trials/">Clinical trials</a>
	<ul class="level-2">
		<li id="menu-item-3624063" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3624063"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/clinical-trials/">Clinical trials overview</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-666672" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-666672"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.merckclinicaltrials.com/">Find a trial</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-2805336" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2805336"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/clinical-trials/diversity-in-clinical-trials/">Diversity in clinical trials</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
	<li id="menu-item-3600289" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3600289"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/rd-locations/">R&#038;D locations</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-666512" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666512"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/discovery-development/">How we invent</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3636441" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3636441"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/meet-our-scientists/">Meet our scientists</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3650167" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3650167"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/publications/">Publications</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-3600254" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3600254"><a aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="https://www.merck.com/products/">Products</a>
<ul class="level-1">
	<li id="menu-item-666506" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666506"><a href="https://www.merck.com/products/">Products list</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3607502" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3607502"><a href="https://www.merck.com/products/safety-data-sheets/">Safety data sheets</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-666515" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666515"><a href="https://www.merck.com/products/patent/">Product patents</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3624065" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3624065"><a href="https://www.merck.com/products/distributors/">Merck authorized distributors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-628574" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-628574"><a aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="https://www.merck.com/patients/">Patients</a>
<ul class="level-1">
	<li id="menu-item-2784133" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2784133"><a href="https://www.merck.com/patients/">Patients overview</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3648543" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3648543"><a href="https://www.merck.com/patients/patient-support-programs/">Patient support programs</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3648542" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3648542"><a href="https://www.merck.com/patients/play-an-active-role-in-your-health-care/">Play an active role in your health care</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3680564" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3680564"><a href="https://www.merck.com/patients/fighting-counterfeit-medicine/">Fighting counterfeit medicine</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-137022" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-137022"><a aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/">Investors</a>
<ul class="level-1">
	<li id="menu-item-223087" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-223087"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/">Investors overview</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-220674" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-220674"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/events-and-presentations/">Events &amp; presentations</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-220673" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-220673"><a aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/financial-information/">Financial information</a>
	<ul class="level-2">
		<li id="menu-item-666494" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666494"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/financial-information/">Financial information overview</a></li>
		<li id="menu-item-666495" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666495"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/financial-information/sec-filings/">SEC filings</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
	<li id="menu-item-220672" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-220672"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/stock-info/">Stock information</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-220671" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-220671"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/investor-resources/">Investor resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-3609026" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3609026"><a aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="https://www.merck.com/media/">Media</a>
<ul class="level-1">
	<li id="menu-item-3609027" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3609027"><a href="https://www.merck.com/media/">Media overview</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-650878" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-650878"><a href="https://www.merck.com/media/news/">News releases</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-650884" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-650884"><a href="https://www.merck.com/media/company-statements/">Company statements</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3609031" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3609031"><a href="https://www.merck.com/media/media-library/">Media library &amp; contacts</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3641978" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3641978"><a href="https://www.merck.com/media/company-fact-sheet/">Company fact sheet</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-666493" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-666493"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en">Careers</a></li>
</ul></nav>

		<div class="side-section">
																				<div class="image">
						<picture>
							<source media="(max-width: 1199px)"
								data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=370%2C418&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1">
							<source media="(min-width: 1200px)"
								data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=486%2C432&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1">
							<img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=486%2C432&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1" alt="Scientist reviewing test tubes">
						</picture>
					</div>
													<div class="tagline"></div>
													<h4>Who we are</h4>
													<a class="btn" href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/"  title="Learn more" target="">Learn more</a>
									</div>
		<div class="bottom-section">
													<a
				class="btn"
				href="/contact-us/"
				title="Contact us"
				target="_self"
				rel="noopener"
				>Contact us</a>
											</div>
	</div>
</div><!-- #site-menu -->
                <form id="site-search" role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.merck.com" autocomplete="off">
	<h2 class="search-header">What can we help you find?</h2>
	<div id="site-search-box" class="input-box">
		<span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span>
		<input type="text" class="search-field" placeholder="Search here …" value="" name="s" aria-label="Search site">
		<button type="submit" class="submit search-submit" aria-label="Search"></button>
	</div>
    <div id="search_suggestion_result"></div>
</form>


    <script>
        theme_directory = "https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme";
    </script>

    </header><!-- #masthead -->
    <div id="content" class="site-content">

	<div id="primary" class="content-area">
		<main id="main" class="site-main">

		
<article id="post-3663923" class="post-3663923 page type-page status-publish hentry">

	<div class="entry-content">
		
<div id="mco-b2-hero-block-block_461b72d6f326f76ce7dffc9d4e30cda0" class="mco-b2-hero-block full mccberg-block mt-2 ">
    <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-wrapper">
        <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-image-section ">

                            <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-image-container ">
                    <picture >
	<source media="(max-width: 767px)" data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/EyeBio_SiteImage_v1-e1731618740497.png?w=768&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1" srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/EyeBio_SiteImage_v1-e1731618740497.png?w=768&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1" >
<source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1199px)" data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/EyeBio_SiteImage_v1-e1731618740497.png?h=768&#038;quality=80&#038;allow_lossy=1" srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/EyeBio_SiteImage_v1-e1731618740497.png?h=768&#038;quality=80&#038;allow_lossy=1" >
<source media="(min-width: 1200px) and (max-width: 1919px)" data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/EyeBio_SiteImage_v1-e1731618740497.png?w=1200&#038;quality=80&#038;allow_lossy=1" srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/EyeBio_SiteImage_v1-e1731618740497.png?w=1200&#038;quality=80&#038;allow_lossy=1" >
<source media="(min-width: 1920px)" data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/EyeBio_SiteImage_v1-e1731618740497.png?w=1920&#038;quality=80&#038;allow_lossy=1" srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/EyeBio_SiteImage_v1-e1731618740497.png?w=1920&#038;quality=80&#038;allow_lossy=1" >
	<img data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/EyeBio_SiteImage_v1-e1731618740497.png?w=1920&#038;quality=80&#038;allow_lossy=1" alt="Medical scan of a retina showing blood vessels" class="eager " loading="eager" />
</picture>                                    </div>
                        <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-image-container-two">
                            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-content-section">
            <nav class="breadcrumbs wrapper text-descriptive"aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ol class="text-descriptive"><li class="text-descriptive"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/">Research</a></li> <li aria-hidden="true" class="text-descriptive">&gt;</li> <li class="text-descriptive breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Ophthalmology</li></ol></nav>            
                            <h1>Ophthalmology</h1>
            
                            <div class="mco-b2-hero-block-description"><p style="text-align: left">We’re developing therapies aimed at protecting, restoring and improving vision for people living with eye diseases. Eyebiotech Limited (EyeBio) is a subsidiary of Merck and has a strong track record of developing groundbreaking therapies.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>
            
                    </div>
    </div>

    
</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center">Our focus on research for retinal disease treatments</h2>


<div id="mco-title-block-block_20a540af4deb2509d90d448c2df3eb7b" 
	 class="mco-title-block mccberg-block mt-2 mb-2 aligncenter" 
	 	 >
	<div class="wrapper">
		<div class="mco-title-block-content">
			
			<h2 class="mco-title-block-title"> </h2>

							<p class="mco-title-block-description"><p>Our team is dedicated to exploring and advancing new therapeutics for a range of retinal diseases, which remain among the most significant therapeutic challenges in ophthalmology.</p>
</p>
						
					</div>
	</div>
</div>


<div data-type="multiple" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/FAQPage" id="accordion_list_block_43464ad9776f7f09ba7990b0cb4832c4" class="b6-accordion-list mccberg-block mt-2">
    
    <div class="b6-accordion-list-block-heading">
        <h2>
            <span></span>
        </h2>
                    <button
                class="btn tertiary b6-accordion-list-toggle-expand"
                data-open-text="Expand all"
                data-close-text="Close all"
                aria-label="Expand all"
            >
                <span class="open-text">Expand all</span>
                <span class="close-text">Close all</span>
            </button>
            </div>

                        <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question" class="b6-accordion-list-item">
                <details  id="mcc_details_id_1" class="b6-accordion-list-item-details">
                    <summary itemprop="name"  class="b6-accordion-list-item-summary">
                        <h3 class= 'b6-accordion-list-item-summary-heading'>Diabetic macular edema</h3>                    </summary>
                    <div itemscope itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer"  class="b6-accordion-list-item-content">
                        <div itemprop="text" ><p>Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a serious retinal condition that poses a risk to vision, potentially leading to blindness and a reduced quality of life if left untreated. DME impacts an estimated 750,000 people in the United States and occurs when damaged blood vessels leak into the retina, resulting in swelling in the macula, the central region of the retina crucial for precise vision necessary for everyday activities. The prevalence of DME is anticipated to rise with the increasing incidence of diabetes.</p>
</div>
                                            </div>
                </details>
                <hr />
            </div>
                    <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question" class="b6-accordion-list-item">
                <details  id="mcc_details_id_2" class="b6-accordion-list-item-details">
                    <summary itemprop="name"  class="b6-accordion-list-item-summary">
                        <h3 class= 'b6-accordion-list-item-summary-heading'>Neovascular age-related macular degeneration</h3>                    </summary>
                    <div itemscope itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer"  class="b6-accordion-list-item-content">
                        <div itemprop="text" ><p>Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD), also known as wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is an advanced form of AMD that affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, straight-ahead vision. It is estimated that between 1 and 2 million people in the U.S. are living with NVAMD, which can impact everyday vision. This serious condition occurs when abnormal blood vessels develop beneath the retina, leaking blood or fluid into the macula, leading to rapid and severe vision loss if left untreated.</p>
</div>
                                            </div>
                </details>
                <hr />
            </div>
            </div>

<div id="mco-title-block-block_0b9a8bd02950062e4b030aec78a1f56d" 
	 class="mco-title-block mccberg-block mb-2 aligncenter" 
	 	 >
	<div class="wrapper">
		<div class="mco-title-block-content">
			
			<h2 class="mco-title-block-title">Our research efforts in retinal diseases</h2>

							<p class="mco-title-block-description"><p>Advances in research are revealing new opportunities to translate science into solutions that serve patients with retinal diseases who have urgent and unaddressed medical needs. Our team is working to develop ophthalmology therapies by advancing research aimed at redefining the treatment of retinal diseases to help patients worldwide.</p>
</p>
						
					</div>
	</div>
</div>


<div class="wp-block-columns mco-columns-wrapping is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex">
<div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"><div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="950" height="500" src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/Frame1_3.3_HR.jpg?w=950" alt="" class="wp-image-3659539"/></figure></div></div>



<div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow">
<div style="height:40px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<p>Breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier and subsequent vascular leakage are hallmark features of retinal vascular diseases, such as DME and NVAMD, which result in vision loss. Vascular leakage is a modifiable feature of these diseases. Our scientists are exploring targets such as the Wingless-related integration site (Wnt) signaling pathway as research suggests it may help reduce vascular leakage and restore the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier.</p>
</div>
</div>



<p class="has-text-align-center"><a class="btn" href="https://www.merck.com/research/product-pipeline/">Explore our pipeline</a></p>



<div style="height:72px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<div class="wp-block-columns mco-columns-wrapping is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex">
<div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"><div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/Guyer-300x300-1.jpg?w=300" alt="" class="wp-image-3659541"/></figure></div></div>



<div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow">
<h4>“Working as one team, Merck and EyeBio are well-positioned to advance our pipeline of retinal disease candidates and help bring them to patients worldwide.&#8221;</h4>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Dr. David R. Guyer</strong><br>Founder, chief executive officer and president of EyeBio</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>



<div class="wp-block-columns mco-columns-wrapping is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex">
<div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow">
<h4>“This acquisition allows Merck and EyeBio to work to advance a strong pipeline targeting retinal diseases. We&#8217;re committed to improving outcomes with a sharp focus on innovation in ophthalmology therapy.” </h4>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Dr. Anthony P. Adamis</strong><br><strong> </strong>Chief scientific officer, co-founder, director &amp; chair of advisory board for EyeBio</li>
</ul>
</div>



<div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"><div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/11/Anthony-Adamis-300x300-1.jpg?w=300" alt="" class="wp-image-3659542"/></figure></div></div>
</div>


<div id="mco-b5-content-block-block_bed5a424d2c193f8cc4596323e284ff7"
     class="mco-b5-content-block mccberg-block right">
    <div class="wrapper">
							            <div class="mco-b5-content-block-image-section ">
				                <picture aria-label="Scientist reviewing test tubes">
                                                                        <source media="(max-width: 767px)"
                                    data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=696%2C425&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1"
                                    srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=696%2C425&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1" />
                                                                                                <source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1199px)"
                                    data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=384%2C468&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1"
                                    srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=384%2C468&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1" />
                                                                                                <source media="(min-width: 1200px)"
                                    data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=750%2C650&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1"
                                    srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=750%2C650&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1" />
                                                                                                <source media="(min-width: 1600px)"
                                    data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=850%2C744&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1"
                                    srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=850%2C744&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1" />
                                                                                                <source media="(min-width: 1920px)"
                                    data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=980%2C832&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1"
                                    srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=980%2C832&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1" />
                                                                                                <img
                                data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=650%2C544&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1"
                                alt="Scientist reviewing test tubes"
                                class="lazyload parallax-scroll"
                                loading="lazy"
                            />
                                                            </picture>
				            </div>
		        <div class="mco-b5-content-block-content-section">
			
			                <h3 class="mco-b5-content-block-heading mcc-b5-normal-title">
                    Merck: Who we are                </h3 >
			
			                <div class="mco-b5-content-block-description"><p>We aspire to be the premier research-intensive biopharmaceutical company. We’re at the forefront of research to deliver innovative health solutions that advance the prevention and treatment of diseases in people and animals.</p>
</div>
			
                        <div class="mco-b5-content-block-content-buttons-container">
				                    <a class="btn secondary read_more"
                       href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/"
                       title="Who we are"
                                              target="">Who we are</a>
												            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>
<div class="mco-b5-content-block-modal popup" style="display: none;" role="dialog" >
    <div class="popup-wrapper">
        <div class="mco-b5-content-block-modal-content popup-content">
            <button class="mco-b5-content-block-modal-close popup-close" >&times;</button>
            <div class="mco-b5-content-block-modal-video"></div>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>



<p></p>



<p></p>
	</div><!-- .entry-content -->

</article><!-- #post-3663923 -->

		</main><!-- #main -->
	</div><!-- #primary -->

</div><!-- #content -->
<div class="related-content-container" id="related-content-main">
    <h2>Related links</h2>
    <div class="related-content-section">
        <div class="related-content-item">
                        <a href="https://www.merck.com/research/product-pipeline/" target=""  title="Pipeline">
                                <div class="related-content-item-image-contianer">
                    <picture>
                        <source media="(max-width: 767px)"
                            srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2023/11/Discovery-and-development-efforts2.jpg?resize=321%2C196&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1">
                        <source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1199px)"
                            srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2023/11/Discovery-and-development-efforts2.jpg?resize=314%2C280&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1">
                        <source media="(min-width: 1200px)"
                            srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2023/11/Discovery-and-development-efforts2.jpg?resize=404%2C268&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1">
                        <img  class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2023/11/Discovery-and-development-efforts2.jpg?resize=404%2C268&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1" alt="photo of a lab with equipment and the back of a scientist working in the background">
                    </picture>
                </div>
                <div class="related-content-content-container">
                    <p><strong class="heading">Pipeline</p></strong>                    <p class="realted-content-excerpt">We’re focused on discovering new medicines and vaccines for today and the future. </p>
                </div>
                            </a>
                </div>

        <div class="related-content-item">
                        <a href="https://www.merck.com/research/" target=""  title="Research">
                                <div class="related-content-item-image-contianer">
                    <picture>
                        <source media="(max-width: 767px)"
                            srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2025/02/Web-image-2-e1774444008736.png?resize=321%2C196&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1">
                        <source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1199px)"
                            srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2025/02/Web-image-2-e1774444008736.png?resize=314%2C280&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1">
                        <source media="(min-width: 1200px)"
                            srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2025/02/Web-image-2-e1774444008736.png?resize=404%2C268&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1">
                        <img  class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2025/02/Web-image-2-e1774444008736.png?resize=404%2C268&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1" alt="scientist working in a lab">
                    </picture>
                </div>
                <div class="related-content-content-container">
                    <p><strong class="heading">Research</p></strong>                    <p class="realted-content-excerpt">We believe research is the will to conquer the impossible and that science will lead the way.</p>
                </div>
                            </a>
                </div>

        <div class="related-content-item">
                        <a href="https://www.merck.com/research/discovery-development/" target=""  title="How we invent">
                                <div class="related-content-item-image-contianer">
                    <picture>
                        <source media="(max-width: 767px)"
                            srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/07/Photo-1-e1721834778898.jpg?resize=321%2C196&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1">
                        <source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1199px)"
                            srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/07/Photo-1-e1721834778898.jpg?resize=314%2C280&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1">
                        <source media="(min-width: 1200px)"
                            srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/07/Photo-1-e1721834778898.jpg?resize=404%2C268&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1">
                        <img  class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2024/07/Photo-1-e1721834778898.jpg?resize=404%2C268&#038;quality=70&#038;allow_lossy=1" alt="">
                    </picture>
                </div>
                <div class="related-content-content-container">
                    <p><strong class="heading">How we invent</p></strong>                    <p class="realted-content-excerpt"> Our teams of scientists bring together diverse expertise and background, combined with cutting-edge technologies, to help discover the next scientific breakthrough for patients.</p>
                </div>
                            </a>
                </div>
    </div>
</div>
<footer id="footerMain" class="footer">
        <div id="footerSocial">
        <div class="wrapper">
            <h3>Connect with us on social</h3>
            <div class="social-icons-rows">
                                    <div class="social-icons-row">
                                                <div class="social-icons">
                                                            <a
                                        href="https://twitter.com/Merck"
                                        target="_blank"
                                        rel="noopener noreferer"
                                        aria-label="Twitter icon "                                >
                                    <img
                                        class="lazyload"
                                        loading="lazy"
                                        data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/twitter-brands.svg 1x, https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/twitter-brands.svg 2x"
                                        data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/twitter-brands.svg"
                                        alt="Twitter icon "
                                        aria-label="Twitter icon "                                    />
                                </a>
                                                            <a
                                        href="https://www.facebook.com/MerckInvents"
                                        target="_blank"
                                        rel="noopener noreferer"
                                        aria-label="Facebook icon "                                >
                                    <img
                                        class="lazyload"
                                        loading="lazy"
                                        data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/facebook-f-brands.svg 1x, https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/facebook-f-brands.svg 2x"
                                        data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/facebook-f-brands.svg"
                                        alt="Facebook icon "
                                        aria-label="Facebook icon "                                    />
                                </a>
                                                            <a
                                        href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/merck"
                                        target="_blank"
                                        rel="noopener noreferer"
                                        aria-label="Linkedin icon "                                >
                                    <img
                                        class="lazyload"
                                        loading="lazy"
                                        data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/linkedin-brands.svg 1x, https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/linkedin-brands.svg 2x"
                                        data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/linkedin-brands.svg"
                                        alt="Linkedin icon "
                                        aria-label="Linkedin icon "                                    />
                                </a>
                                                            <a
                                        href="https://www.instagram.com/merck"
                                        target="_blank"
                                        rel="noopener noreferer"
                                        aria-label="Instagram icon "                                >
                                    <img
                                        class="lazyload"
                                        loading="lazy"
                                        data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/instagram-brands.svg 1x, https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/instagram-brands.svg 2x"
                                        data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/instagram-brands.svg"
                                        alt="Instagram icon "
                                        aria-label="Instagram icon "                                    />
                                </a>
                                                            <a
                                        href="https://www.youtube.com/user/Merck"
                                        target="_blank"
                                        rel="noopener noreferer"
                                        aria-label="YouTube icon "                                >
                                    <img
                                        class="lazyload"
                                        loading="lazy"
                                        data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/youtube-brands.svg 1x, https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/youtube-brands.svg 2x"
                                        data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/youtube-brands.svg"
                                        alt="YouTube icon "
                                        aria-label="YouTube icon "                                    />
                                </a>
                                                    </div>
                    </div>
                            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class="wrapper">
            <div id="footerPrograms">
                    <div class="column col-one">
                <input type="checkbox" name ="one" id="columnOne" class="checkbox-toggle" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
                <label for="columnOne" class="column-header">For patients and health care professionals</label>
                <ul>
                                            <li>
                            <a href="https://www.merckhelps.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MerckHelps</a>
                                                            <br />
                                Merck Patient Assistance Program provides certain Merck medicines and adult vaccines for free to qualified patients.                                                    </li>
                                            <li>
                            <a href="https://www.merckaccessprogram.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Merck Access Program</a>
                                                            <br />
                                Information about insurance coverage and financial assistance options for eligible patients.                                                    </li>
                                            <li>
                            <a href="https://www.merckclinicaltrials.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Clinical trials</a>
                                                            <br />
                                Learn about our clinical trials and find available studies.                                                    </li>
                                            <li>
                            <a href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Merck Manuals</a>
                                                            <br />
                                Medical information source covering thousands of topics in all fields of medicine.                                                    </li>
                                    </ul>
            </div>
                            <div class="column col-two">
                <input type="checkbox" name ="two" id="columnTwo" class="checkbox-toggle" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
                <label for="columnTwo" class="column-header">Sustainability</label>
                <ul>
                                            <li>
                            <a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Impact Report</a>
                                                            <br />
                                Reporting on our commitment to operating responsibly to benefit society.                                                    </li>
                                            <li>
                            <a href="https://www.merckformothers.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Merck for Mothers</a>
                                                            <br />
                                An initiative to create a world where no woman has to die giving life.                                                    </li>
                                    </ul>
            </div>
                            <div class="column col-three">
                <input type="checkbox" name ="three" id="columnThree" class="checkbox-toggle" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
                <label for="columnThree" class="column-header">About Merck</label>
                <ul>
                                            <li>
                            <a href="https://www.merck-animal-health.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Merck Animal Health</a>
                                                            <br />
                                The global animal health business unit of Merck.                                                    </li>
                                            <li>
                            <a href="https://horizonblue.sapphiremrfhub.com/tocs/current/merck-co-inc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Health Plan - Transparency in Coverage</a>
                                                            <br />
                                In compliance with the Consolidated Appropriations Act, learn more about our health plan’s pricing information.                                                    </li>
                                            <li>
                            <a href="https://www.merck.com/contact-us/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Contact Us</a>
                                                            <br />
                                If you have a question or need more information about us, find out who you should contact.                                                    </li>
                                    </ul>
            </div>
            </div>
        <div id="footerCopyrightLogos">
    <div id="footerCopyright">
        		<div class="menu-footer-menu-container"><ul id="menuFooter" class="footer-links"><li id="menu-item-674051" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-674051"><a href="https://www.merck.com/forward-looking-statement/">Forward-looking statement</a></li><li id="menu-item-137027" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-137027"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.msdprivacy.com/us/en/cookie-privacy-policy.html">Cookie policy</a></li><li class="menu-item"><button id="menu-item-763862" class="ot-sdk-show-settings menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-763862"><a href="#">Cookie Preferences</a></button></li><li id="menu-item-137025" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-137025"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.msdprivacy.com/us/en/">Privacy</a></li><li id="menu-item-137028" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-137028"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.msdprivacy.com/us/en/transparency-and-privacy.html">Transparency disclosure</a></li><li id="menu-item-669400" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-669400"><a href="https://www.merck.com/terms-of-use/">Terms of use</a></li><li id="menu-item-3374425" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3374425"><a href="https://www.msdaccessibility.com/">Accessibility</a></li><li id="menu-item-669401" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-669401"><a href="https://www.merck.com/sitemap/">Sitemap</a></li><li id="menu-item-3646896" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3646896"><a href="https://www.msdprivacy.com/us/en/chd-policy/">Consumer Health Data Privacy Policy</a></li><li id="menu-item-3646897" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3646897"><a href="https://dsr.msd.com/DSR/United_States/English/">Your Privacy Choices <svg width="30" height="14" viewBox="0 0 30 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M22.1 7L24.2 4.8C24.4 4.6 24.4 4.2 24.2 4C24 3.8 23.6 3.8 23.4 4L21.2 6.2L19 4C18.8 3.8 18.4 3.8 18.2 4C18 4.2 18 4.6 18.2 4.8L20.4 7L18.3 9.2C18.1 9.4 18.1 9.8 18.3 10C18.5 10.2 18.9 10.2 19.1 10L21.3 7.8L23.5 10C23.7 10.2 24.1 10.2 24.3 10C24.5 9.8 24.5 9.4 24.3 9.2L22.1 7Z" fill="white"/> <path d="M22.2 0H7C3.1 0 0 3.1 0 7C0 10.9 3.1 14 7 14H22.2C26.1 14 29.2 10.9 29.2 7C29.2 3.1 26 0 22.2 0ZM13.8 12.8H7C3.8 12.8 1.2 10.2 1.2 7C1.2 3.8 3.8 1.2 7 1.2H16.9L13.8 12.8ZM24.3 10C24.1 10.2 23.7 10.2 23.5 10L21.3 7.8L19.1 10C18.9 10.2 18.5 10.2 18.3 10C18.1 9.8 18.1 9.4 18.3 9.2L20.4 7L18.2 4.8C18 4.6 18 4.2 18.2 4C18.4 3.8 18.8 3.8 19 4L21.2 6.2L23.4 4C23.6 3.8 24 3.8 24.2 4C24.4 4.2 24.4 4.6 24.2 4.8L22.1 7L24.3 9.2C24.5 9.4 24.5 9.8 24.3 10Z" fill="#00857C"/> <path d="M12.3 4.1C12.5 4.3 12.6 4.7 12.4 4.9L8.2 9.8C8.1 9.9 8 10 7.9 10C7.7 10.1 7.4 10.1 7.2 9.9L5 7.7C4.8 7.5 4.8 7.1 5 6.9C5.2 6.7 5.6 6.7 5.8 6.9L7.6 8.6L11.4 4.1C11.6 3.9 12 3.9 12.3 4.1Z" fill="#00857C"/> </svg></a></li></ul></div>        <small>
                            Copyright © 2026 Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. All rights reserved. | This site is intended only for residents of the United States and Canada.                    </small>
    </div>
    <div id="footerLogos">
                            <div id="footerLogosTrusteBadges">
                                    <a href="https://www.essentialaccessibility.com/merck" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="accessibility" aria-label="Accessibility icon">
                        <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/images/accessibility.png" alt="" data-design-category="accessibility_icon" />
                    </a>
                                                            </div>
            </div>
</div>
    </div>
</footer><!-- #footerMain -->

<div id="fowardGuidanceModel" class="popup" style="display: none;">
    <div class="popup-wrapper">
        <div class="popup-content foward-guide-modal-content">

                            <h3> Forward-Looking Statement of Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J., USA</h3>
            
            <div class="forward-guidance-content">
                <p>This website of Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J., USA (the “company”) includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of the company’s management and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. There can be no guarantees with respect to pipeline candidates that the candidates will receive the necessary regulatory approvals or that they will prove to be commercially successful. If underlying assumptions prove inaccurate or risks or uncertainties materialize, actual results may differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements.</p><p>Risks and uncertainties include but are not limited to, general industry conditions and competition; general economic factors, including interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations; the impact of pharmaceutical industry regulation and health care legislation in the United States and internationally; global trends toward health care cost containment; technological advances, new products and patents attained by competitors; challenges inherent in new product development, including obtaining regulatory approval; the company’s ability to accurately predict future market conditions; manufacturing difficulties or delays; financial instability of international economies and sovereign risk; dependence on the effectiveness of the company’s patents and other protections for innovative products; and the exposure to litigation, including patent litigation, and/or regulatory actions.</p><p>The company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Additional factors that could cause results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements can be found in the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 and the company’s other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) available at the SEC’s Internet site (<a class="external-link-with-popup" style="font-family: Invention, sans-serif;font-size: 14px" role="button" href="http://www.sec.gov/" aria-haspopup="true"><span style="font-size: 11pt;line-height: 16.8667px;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;color: #01877c">www.sec.gov</span></a>).</p><p><strong>No Duty to Update</strong></p><p>The information contained in this website was current as of the date presented. The company assumes no duty to update the information to reflect subsequent developments. Consequently, the company will not update the information contained in the website and investors should not rely upon the information as current or accurate after the presentation date. </p>            </div>

            <div class="btn-container text-center">
                <a href="https://www.merck.com/" class="btn tertiary">Decline</a>
                <a href="javascript:void()" class="btn tertiary negative" title="" onclick="sessionStorage.setItem('guidance-accepted', JSON.stringify(true)); document.getElementById('fowardGuidanceModel').style.display = 'none';">Accept</a>
            </div>

        </div>
    </div>
</div>
    <script>
        var utag_data = { 
 page_type : "research",
page_audience : "patients and consumers",
page_therapeuticarea : "corporate",
page_reputationdriver : "innovation",
page_contenttopic : "innovation",
page_secondarycontenttag : "research &amp; development",
page_theme : "r&amp;d",
page_milestone : "none"
} ;        utag_data.page_datepublished = "2025-03-07 14:11:29";
        utag_data.page_datemodified = "2026-02-11 12:44:53";
        dataLayer.push(utag_data);
    </script>

<script type="text/javascript">
                        /*
* FileSaver.js
* A saveAs() FileSaver implementation.
*
* By Eli Grey, http://eligrey.com
*
* License : https://github.com/eligrey/FileSaver.js/blob/master/LICENSE.md (MIT)
* source  : http://purl.eligrey.com/github/FileSaver.js
*/

// The one and only way of getting global scope in all environments
// https://stackoverflow.com/q/3277182/1008999
var _global = typeof window === 'object' && window.window === window
  ? window : typeof self === 'object' && self.self === self
  ? self : typeof global === 'object' && global.global === global
  ? global
  : this

function bom (blob, opts) {
  if (typeof opts === 'undefined') opts = { autoBom: false }
  else if (typeof opts !== 'object') {
    console.warn('Deprecated: Expected third argument to be a object')
    opts = { autoBom: !opts }
  }

  // prepend BOM for UTF-8 XML and text/* types (including HTML)
  // note: your browser will automatically convert UTF-16 U+FEFF to EF BB BF
  if (opts.autoBom && /^\s*(?:text\/\S*|application\/xml|\S*\/\S*\+xml)\s*;.*charset\s*=\s*utf-8/i.test(blob.type)) {
    return new Blob([String.fromCharCode(0xFEFF), blob], { type: blob.type })
  }
  return blob
}

function download (url, name, opts) {
  var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
  xhr.open('GET', url)
  xhr.responseType = 'blob'
  xhr.onload = function () {
    saveAs(xhr.response, name, opts)
  }
  xhr.onerror = function () {
    console.error('could not download file')
  }
  xhr.send()
}

function corsEnabled (url) {
  var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
  // use sync to avoid popup blocker
  xhr.open('HEAD', url, false)
  try {
    xhr.send()
  } catch (e) {}
  return xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status <= 299
}

// `a.click()` doesn't work for all browsers (#465)
function click (node) {
  try {
    node.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('click'))
  } catch (e) {
    var evt = document.createEvent('MouseEvents')
    evt.initMouseEvent('click', true, true, window, 0, 0, 0, 80,
                          20, false, false, false, false, 0, null)
    node.dispatchEvent(evt)
  }
}

// Detect WebView inside a native macOS app by ruling out all browsers
// We just need to check for 'Safari' because all other browsers (besides Firefox) include that too
// https://www.whatismybrowser.com/guides/the-latest-user-agent/macos
var isMacOSWebView = /Macintosh/.test(navigator.userAgent) && /AppleWebKit/.test(navigator.userAgent) && !/Safari/.test(navigator.userAgent)

var saveAs = _global.saveAs || (
  // probably in some web worker
  (typeof window !== 'object' || window !== _global)
    ? function saveAs () { /* noop */ }

  // Use download attribute first if possible (#193 Lumia mobile) unless this is a macOS WebView
  : ('download' in HTMLAnchorElement.prototype && !isMacOSWebView)
  ? function saveAs (blob, name, opts) {
    var URL = _global.URL || _global.webkitURL
    var a = document.createElement('a')
    name = name || blob.name || 'download'

    a.download = name
    a.rel = 'noopener' // tabnabbing

    // TODO: detect chrome extensions & packaged apps
    // a.target = '_blank'

    if (typeof blob === 'string') {
      // Support regular links
      a.href = blob
      if (a.origin !== location.origin) {
        corsEnabled(a.href)
          ? download(blob, name, opts)
          : click(a, a.target = '_blank')
      } else {
        click(a)
      }
    } else {
      // Support blobs
      a.href = URL.createObjectURL(blob)
      setTimeout(function () { URL.revokeObjectURL(a.href) }, 4E4) // 40s
      setTimeout(function () { click(a) }, 0)
    }
  }

  // Use msSaveOrOpenBlob as a second approach
  : 'msSaveOrOpenBlob' in navigator
  ? function saveAs (blob, name, opts) {
    name = name || blob.name || 'download'

    if (typeof blob === 'string') {
      if (corsEnabled(blob)) {
        download(blob, name, opts)
      } else {
        var a = document.createElement('a')
        a.href = blob
        a.target = '_blank'
        setTimeout(function () { click(a) })
      }
    } else {
      navigator.msSaveOrOpenBlob(bom(blob, opts), name)
    }
  }

  // Fallback to using FileReader and a popup
  : function saveAs (blob, name, opts, popup) {
    // Open a popup immediately do go around popup blocker
    // Mostly only available on user interaction and the fileReader is async so...
    popup = popup || open('', '_blank')
    if (popup) {
      popup.document.title =
      popup.document.body.innerText = 'downloading...'
    }

    if (typeof blob === 'string') return download(blob, name, opts)

    var force = blob.type === 'application/octet-stream'
    var isSafari = /constructor/i.test(_global.HTMLElement) || _global.safari
    var isChromeIOS = /CriOS\/[\d]+/.test(navigator.userAgent)

    if ((isChromeIOS || (force && isSafari) || isMacOSWebView) && typeof FileReader !== 'undefined') {
      // Safari doesn't allow downloading of blob URLs
      var reader = new FileReader()
      reader.onloadend = function () {
        var url = reader.result
        url = isChromeIOS ? url : url.replace(/^data:[^;]*;/, 'data:attachment/file;')
        if (popup) popup.location.href = url
        else location = url
        popup = null // reverse-tabnabbing #460
      }
      reader.readAsDataURL(blob)
    } else {
      var URL = _global.URL || _global.webkitURL
      var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob)
      if (popup) popup.location = url
      else location.href = url
      popup = null // reverse-tabnabbing #460
      setTimeout(function () { URL.revokeObjectURL(url) }, 4E4) // 40s
    }
  }
)

_global.saveAs = saveAs.saveAs = saveAs

if (typeof module !== 'undefined') {
  module.exports = saveAs;
}

/*! ics.js Wed Sept 14 2017 */
var ics=function(e,t){"use strict";{if(!(navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE")>-1&&-1==navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE 10"))){void 0===e&&(e="default"),void 0===t&&(t="Calendar");var r=-1!==navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Win")?"\r\n":"\n",n=[],i=["BEGIN:VCALENDAR","PRODID:"+t,"VERSION:2.0"].join(r),o=r+"END:VCALENDAR",a=["SU","MO","TU","WE","TH","FR","SA"];return{events:function(){return n},calendar:function(){return i+r+n.join(r)+o},addEvent:function(t,i,o,l,u,s){if(void 0===t||void 0===i||void 0===o||void 0===l||void 0===u)return!1;if(s&&!s.rrule){if("YEARLY"!==s.freq&&"MONTHLY"!==s.freq&&"WEEKLY"!==s.freq&&"DAILY"!==s.freq)throw"Recurrence rrule frequency must be provided and be one of the following: 'YEARLY', 'MONTHLY', 'WEEKLY', or 'DAILY'";if(s.until&&isNaN(Date.parse(s.until)))throw"Recurrence rrule 'until' must be a valid date string";if(s.interval&&isNaN(parseInt(s.interval)))throw"Recurrence rrule 'interval' must be an integer";if(s.count&&isNaN(parseInt(s.count)))throw"Recurrence rrule 'count' must be an integer";if(void 0!==s.byday){if("[object Array]"!==Object.prototype.toString.call(s.byday))throw"Recurrence rrule 'byday' must be an array";if(s.byday.length>7)throw"Recurrence rrule 'byday' array must not be longer than the 7 days in a week";s.byday=s.byday.filter(function(e,t){return s.byday.indexOf(e)==t});for(var c in s.byday)if(a.indexOf(s.byday[c])<0)throw"Recurrence rrule 'byday' values must include only the following: 'SU', 'MO', 'TU', 'WE', 'TH', 'FR', 'SA'"}}var g=new Date(l),d=new Date(u),f=new Date,S=("0000"+g.getFullYear().toString()).slice(-4),E=("00"+(g.getMonth()+1).toString()).slice(-2),v=("00"+g.getDate().toString()).slice(-2),y=("00"+g.getHours().toString()).slice(-2),A=("00"+g.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),T=("00"+g.getSeconds().toString()).slice(-2),b=("0000"+d.getFullYear().toString()).slice(-4),D=("00"+(d.getMonth()+1).toString()).slice(-2),N=("00"+d.getDate().toString()).slice(-2),h=("00"+d.getHours().toString()).slice(-2),I=("00"+d.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),R=("00"+d.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),M=("0000"+f.getFullYear().toString()).slice(-4),w=("00"+(f.getMonth()+1).toString()).slice(-2),L=("00"+f.getDate().toString()).slice(-2),O=("00"+f.getHours().toString()).slice(-2),p=("00"+f.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),Y=("00"+f.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),U="",V="";y+A+T+h+I+R!=0&&(U="T"+y+A+T,V="T"+h+I+R);var B,C=S+E+v+U,j=b+D+N+V,m=M+w+L+("T"+O+p+Y);if(s)if(s.rrule)B=s.rrule;else{if(B="rrule:FREQ="+s.freq,s.until){var x=new Date(Date.parse(s.until)).toISOString();B+=";UNTIL="+x.substring(0,x.length-13).replace(/[-]/g,"")+"000000Z"}s.interval&&(B+=";INTERVAL="+s.interval),s.count&&(B+=";COUNT="+s.count),s.byday&&s.byday.length>0&&(B+=";BYDAY="+s.byday.join(","))}(new Date).toISOString();var H=["BEGIN:VEVENT","UID:"+n.length+"@"+e,"CLASS:PUBLIC","DESCRIPTION:"+i,"DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:"+m,"DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:"+C,"DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:"+j,"LOCATION:"+o,"SUMMARY;LANGUAGE=en-us:"+t,"TRANSP:TRANSPARENT","END:VEVENT"];return B&&H.splice(4,0,B),H=H.join(r),n.push(H),H},download:function(e,t){if(n.length<1)return!1;t=void 0!==t?t:".ics",e=void 0!==e?e:"calendar";var a,l=i+r+n.join(r)+o;if(-1===navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE 10"))a=new Blob([l]);else{var u=new BlobBuilder;u.append(l),a=u.getBlob("text/x-vCalendar;charset="+document.characterSet)}return saveAs(a,e+t),l},build:function(){return!(n.length<1)&&i+r+n.join(r)+o}}}console.log("Unsupported Browser")}};


function GenerateICS(title, description, start, end) {
    let cal = new ics();
    cal.addEvent(decodeURIComponent(title), decodeURIComponent(description), "", start, end);
    cal.download(decodeURIComponent(title));
}
</script></div><!-- #page -->
<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/wp-*.php","\/wp-admin\/*","\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/124\/*","\/wp-content\/*","\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/wp-content\/themes\/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme\/*","\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='search-form-style-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/css/search-form.min.css?ver=1764577519' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mcc-hero-block-css-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/blocks/mccberg/hero-block/css/style.min.css?ver=1773234738' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mco-title-block-css-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/blocks/mccberg/title-block/css/style.min.css?ver=1764577519' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mco-accordion-list-block-css-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/blocks/mccberg/b6-accordion-list/css/style.min.css?ver=1776157147' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='b5-content-block-css-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/blocks/mccberg/content-block/css/style.min.css?ver=1776849258' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='related-content-styles-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/css/related-content-section.min.css?ver=1764577519' media='all' />
<style id='core-block-supports-inline-css'>
.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7{flex-wrap:nowrap;}
</style>
<script defer="defer" src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/js/plugins.min.js?ver=1764577519" id="MCC-plugins-js"></script>
<script id="MCC-scripts-js-extra">
var MCC_scripts_vars = {"format":["F"," ","j",","," ","Y"],"pageIsRtl":"","breakpoints":{"smallA":375,"smallB":374,"mobileA":768,"mobileB":767,"tabletA":1200,"tabletB":1199,"large":1600,"fullHdB":1919,"fullHd":1920,"fourK":2400},"youtubeLink":"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com"};
</script>
<script defer="defer" src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/js/scripts.min.js?ver=1776849258" id="MCC-scripts-js"></script>
<script defer="defer" src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/js/search_suggestions.min.js?ver=1764577519" id="search_suggestion-js"></script>
<script defer="defer" src="https://unpkg.com/micromodal/dist/micromodal.min.js?ver=6.8.5" id="tiny-modal-js-js"></script>
<script defer="defer" src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/blocks/mccberg/hero-block/js/brightcove.js?ver=1775805992" id="hero-block-brightcove-js-js"></script>
<script defer="defer" src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/blocks/mccberg/hero-block/js/index.js?ver=1768402733" id="mcc-hero-block-js-js"></script>
<script defer="defer" src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/blocks/mccberg/b6-accordion-list/js/details.js?ver=1775805992" id="mco-accordion-list-block-polyfill-js"></script>
<script defer="defer" src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/blocks/mccberg/b6-accordion-list/js/index.js?ver=1764577519" id="mco-accordion-list-block-js-js"></script>
<script defer="defer" src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-mhh2-mcc-theme/blocks/mccberg/content-block/js/index.js?ver=1768402733" id="mco-b5-content-block-block-js-js"></script>

<div id="externalLinkModal" class="popup" style="display: none;">
    <div class="popup-wrapper">
        <div class="popup-content forward-guide-modal-content" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="externalLinkModalTitle">
            <h3 id="externalLinkModalTitle"></h3>

            <div class="forward-guidance-content">
                <p id="externalLinkModalMessage" style="max-width: 31.25rem;"></p>
            </div>

            <div class="btn-container text-center">
                <button class="btn tertiary" id="externalLinkCancelBtn" title=""></button>
                <a href="#" target="_blank" class="btn tertiary negative" id="externalLinkModalBtn" onclick="closeExternalLinkModal()"></a>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

<script>
    var linkedContainers = [].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('[role="link"]'));
    var anchorLinks = [].slice.call(document.links);
    var documentLinks = linkedContainers.concat(anchorLinks);

    var allowedDomains = ([".local","merck-go-vip","merck-develop.go-vip.co\/merck","merck-preprod.go-vip.co\/merck","vip-msd.com\/merck","merck.com","q4cdn.com","cloudfront.net","wpvip-safety-data-sheets.s3.amazonaws.com","google.com\/calendar","outlook.live.com\/calendar","calendar.yahoo.com","merckhelps.com","merckaccessprogram.com","merckmanuals.com","merckconnect.com","merckclinicaltrials.com","merck-animal-health.com","merckformothers.com","mrknewsroom.com","facebook.com","twitter.com","linkedin.com","mailto:","javascript:","tel:","REGEXP:cts.businesswire.com.*url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merck.com","REGEXP:cts.businesswire.com.*url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merck.com","REGEXP:protect.checkpoint.com.*___http(s)?:\/www.merck.com","REGEXP:cts.businesswire.com.*url%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.merck.com"] || []).filter(function(domain) {
        return stripHttpsWWW(domain) !== stripHttpsWWW(document.location.hostname) && Boolean(domain);
    });
    var configuredExternalLinks = ([{"title":"You are leaving Merck.com","message":"The link you have selected will direct you to a site outside of www.merck.com. We are Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA known as MSD outside the United States and Canada. ","cancelBtnText":"Cancel","continueBtnText":"Proceed","domains":["*"]}] || []);


    /**
     * This function processes internal links for the Three Column Content Block.
     */
    function makeThreeColumnContentClickable(link, href, target) {
        if (link.role !== 'link' || !href) {
            return;
        }

        link.addEventListener('click', function(e) {

            e.preventDefault();
            e.stopPropagation();
            e.stopImmediatePropagation();

            var win = window.open(href, target);

            if (win) {
                win.focus();
            }
        });
    }

    if (typeof Array.prototype.some !== 'function') {
        Array.prototype.some = function(predicate, thisArg) {
            if (typeof predicate !== 'function') {
                throw TypeError('Array.prototype.some(): predicate must be a function.');
            }

            for (var i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
                if (predicate.call(thisArg, this[i], i, this)) {
                    return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        };
    }

    function processLink(link) {

        if (!link || ! ['A', 'DIV'].includes(link.nodeName) || link.classList.contains('external-link-with-popup')) {
            return;
        }

        var href = link.dataset.href || link.href;

        if (!href) {
            return;
        }

        var target = link.dataset.target || link.target || '_self';

        if (shouldAllowDomain(href)) {
            //process internal links
            makeThreeColumnContentClickable(link, href, target);
            return;
        }

        link.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
            e.preventDefault();

            e.stopPropagation();

            e.stopImmediatePropagation();

            var modalData = getExternalLinkContent(href);

            if (!modalData) {
                var win = window.open(href, target);

                if (win) {
                    win.focus();
                }

                return;
            }

            var modal = document.getElementById('externalLinkModal');
            var modalTitle = document.getElementById('externalLinkModalTitle');
            var modalCancelBtn = document.getElementById('externalLinkCancelBtn');
            var modalMessage = document.getElementById('externalLinkModalMessage');
            var modalContinueLink = document.getElementById('externalLinkModalBtn');

            if (link.dataset.src === 'karma-release' && !true) {
                modalData.message = 'This content is not available to residents outside the US and Canada';
                modalData.title = '';
                modalData.cancelBtnText = 'Ok';
                modalContinueLink.style.display = 'none';
            }

            if (modalTitle) {
                modalTitle.textContent = modalData.title;
            }

            if (modalMessage) {
                modalMessage.textContent = modalData.message;
            }

            if (modalCancelBtn) {
                modalCancelBtn.textContent = modalData.cancelBtnText || 'Cancel';
            }

            if (modalContinueLink) {
                modalContinueLink.href = href;
                modalContinueLink.target = target;
                modalContinueLink.textContent = modalData.continueBtnText || 'Proceed';
            }

            if (modal) {
                if (modal.style.display === 'none') {
                    modal.style.display = 'block';
                    modalCancelBtn.focus();
                } else {
                    modal.style.display = 'none';
                }
            }

            // Trap focus within the modal
            modal.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => {
                const focusableElements = [modalCancelBtn, modalContinueLink];
                const firstElement = focusableElements[0];
                const lastElement = focusableElements[1];

                if (event.key === 'Tab') {
                    if (event.shiftKey) { // Shift + Tab
                        if (document.activeElement === firstElement) {
                            lastElement.focus();
                            event.preventDefault();
                        }
                    } else { // Tab
                        if (document.activeElement === lastElement) {
                            firstElement.focus();
                            event.preventDefault();
                        }
                    }
                }
            });

            modalCancelBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
                closeExternalLinkModal();
                link.focus();
            });
        });
        link.setAttribute('role', 'button');
        link.setAttribute('aria-haspopup', 'true');
        link.classList.add('external-link-with-popup');
    }

    for (var i = 0; i < documentLinks.length; i++) {
        processLink(documentLinks[i]);
    }

    function getExternalLinkContent(link) {
        var wildCardLinks = [];

        for (var i = 0; i < configuredExternalLinks.length; i++) {
            var configuredExternalLink = configuredExternalLinks[i];

            for (var j = 0; j < configuredExternalLink.domains.length; j++) {
                var domain = configuredExternalLink.domains[j];

                if (domain === '*') {
                    wildCardLinks.push(configuredExternalLink);
                }

                if (link.indexOf(domain) !== -1) {
                    return configuredExternalLink;
                }
            }
        }

        if (!wildCardLinks.length) {
            return null;
        }

        return wildCardLinks[0];
    }

    function stripHttpsWWW(link){
        return link.replace(/^(https?:\/\/)?(www\.)?/i, '');
    }

    function shouldAllowDomain(link) {
        //get the domain text without the http or https or www.
        var urlParts = stripHttpsWWW(link).split('/');

        if (!urlParts.length) {
            return false;
        }

        var domain = urlParts[0];
        var currentDomain = stripHttpsWWW(document.location.hostname);

        // Allow if the domain matches the current domain
        if (domain === currentDomain) {
            return true;
        }

        // Check if the domain is in the allowed domains
        if (allowedDomains.some(function(allowedDomain) {

            // Check if it's a protocol (e.g., tel:, mailto:, javascript:)
            if (link.startsWith(allowedDomain)) {
                return true;
            }

            if (allowedDomain.startsWith('REGEXP:')) {
                let allowedDomainRegex = new RegExp(allowedDomain.replace('REGEXP:', ''), 'g');
                if (allowedDomainRegex.test(link)) {
                    return true
                }
            }

            allowedDomain = stripHttpsWWW(allowedDomain);
            return domain === allowedDomain || domain.endsWith(`.${allowedDomain}`);
        })) {
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    function isSubdomain(domain) {
        return domain.split('.').length !== 2;
    }

    function closeExternalLinkModal() {
        var modal = document.getElementById('externalLinkModal');

        if (modal) {
            modal.style.display = 'none';
        }
    }

    try {
        // Switching to MutationObserver to apply External Link feature to dynamic DOM.
        // Options for the observer (which mutations to observe)
        const mcc_el_observer_config = { attributes: false, childList: true, subtree: true };

        // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed
        const pageMutatedHandler = function(mutationsList) {
            for(const mutation of mutationsList) {
                mutation?.addedNodes?.forEach(link => processLink(link));
            }
        };

        // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function
        const mcc_el_observer = new MutationObserver(pageMutatedHandler);

        // Start observing the target node for configured mutations
        mcc_el_observer.observe(document.querySelector('#page'), mcc_el_observer_config);
    } catch(err) {
        console.log(err);
    }

</script>
<div id="ukUserModal" class="popup" style="display: none;">
    <div class="popup-wrapper">
        <div class="popup-content foward-guide-modal-content">

            <h3></h3>

            <div class="forward-guidance-content">
                <p style="max-width: 31.25rem;"></p>
            </div>

            <div class="btn-container text-center">
                <a target="_blank" class="btn tertiary negative" id="externalLinkModalBtn" onclick="AcceptUKMessage();">
                                    </a>
            </div>

        </div>
    </div>
</div>

<script type="text/javascript">
    function AcceptUKMessage() {
        try {
            let accepted = {
                expire: new Date(new Date().getTime() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 1000)
            };
            sessionStorage.setItem('uk-messaging', JSON.stringify(accepted));
            document.getElementById('ukUserModal').style.display = 'none';
        } catch (ex) {
            console.log(ex);
        }
    }
</script>



<script>
    removeTopBorderFromSeparatorBlock();

    function removeTopBorderFromSeparatorBlock() {
        let separatorBlock = document.querySelectorAll('.wp-block-separator.is-style-wide');
        for (let i = 0; i < separatorBlock.length; i++) {
            separatorBlock[i].style.borderTop = '0px';
        }
    }
    // Set the offset when entering page with hash present in the url
    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', (e) => {
        if (location.hash.length !== 0) {
            accordionFocus();
        }

        function accordionFocus() {
            const URL = window.location.href;
            const splittedURL = URL.split('/');
            //accordion id should be at the end
            const possibleAccordionID = splittedURL[splittedURL.length - 1];
            const RegExp = /#[a-zA-Z-\d]+/gi;
            const foundAccordionMatch = RegExp.test(possibleAccordionID);
            //Check if param was found
            if (foundAccordionMatch) {
                setTimeout(function() {
                    let accordionName = possibleAccordionID.match(RegExp).toString();
                    const accordionId = accordionName.replace('#', '');
                    let accordionControl = document.getElementById(accordionId);

                    if (accordionControl && accordionControl.closest('.b6-accordion-list-item-details')) {
                        allA6Tabs = document.querySelectorAll('.mccberg-tab-content');
                        if(allA6Tabs.length > 0){
                            openA6tab(allA6Tabs, accordionControl)
                        }
                        //get the element closest to the collapse handle
                        let accordionDetail = accordionControl.closest('.b6-accordion-list-item-details')
                        accordionDetail.setAttribute('open', " ");
                        accordionDetail.scrollIntoView();
                    }
                }, 500);
            }
        }

    });

    function openA6tab(allA6Tabs, accordionControl)
    {
    //close all A6tabs and Title
    allA6TabsTitle = document.querySelectorAll('.mccberg-tab-title');
    for (let i = 0; i < allA6Tabs.length; i++) {
        allA6Tabs[i].classList.remove('open');
        allA6TabsTitle[i].classList.remove('open');
    }
    let accordionDetailA6 = accordionControl.closest('.mccberg-tab-content')

    // Assuming accordionDetailA6 is the element you are working with
    let matchedClass = Array.from(accordionDetailA6.classList).find(className => 
    className.startsWith('mccberg-tab-content-')
    );
    // Extract the number at the end of the matched class
    let indexNumber = matchedClass ? matchedClass.split('-').pop() : null;

    // Output the number
    allA6TabsTitle[indexNumber-1].classList.add('open')
    accordionDetailA6.classList.add('open');
    }
    function idLinkScrollFix(hash) {
        setTimeout(function() {

            var one_trust_cookie_panel = document.getElementById("onetrust-banner-sdk");
            let wp_admin_bar = document.getElementById('wpadminbar');
            let admin_bar_offset_height = wp_admin_bar ? wp_admin_bar.offsetHeight : 0;
            let cookie_present = one_trust_cookie_panel && !one_trust_cookie_panel.style.visibility;
            let cookie_gone = one_trust_cookie_panel && one_trust_cookie_panel.style.visibility === 'hidden';
            let cookie_height = cookie_present && !cookie_gone ? one_trust_cookie_panel.offsetHeight : 0;
            let mastheadElement = document.getElementById('masthead');
            let masthead = mastheadElement ? mastheadElement.offsetHeight : 0;
            let brand_headerElement = document.getElementsByClassName('brand-header')[0];
            let brand_header = brand_headerElement ? brand_headerElement.offsetHeight : 0;
            let height_to_adjust = admin_bar_offset_height + masthead + brand_header + cookie_height + 16;
            let el_to_scroll_to = document.getElementById(hash.replace("#", ''));
            if (el_to_scroll_to) {
                let position = el_to_scroll_to.getBoundingClientRect();
                window.scrollTo(position.left, position.top - height_to_adjust + window.scrollY);
            }
        }, 500);
    }
</script>
</body>

</html>
